Process for the production of citric acid



Patented Feb. 5, 1946 zssaou raoeass son was raonuc'non or crime scrn SelmanLWaksmnn,

W Otto Karow, New Brunswick. N. J...

Park. andEdwai-d asslgnors to Merck & Co. Inc, Railway. N. 1., a corporation of New Jersey No Drawing. Application March 14, 1942.

SerialNo. ass-m 13 Claims.

This invention relates to fermentation and to processes of fermentation for the production of citric acid.

The production of citric acid by fungi, particularly by certain species of Peniciliium and by strains of Asperaillus nicer, has been long known,

but the obtainment of commercial quantities of citric acid by fermentation has hitherto required the practice of surface or shallow processes, which necessitated the growth of the fungi in a stationary position for the formation of a surface pellicle. Surface processes of fermentation are disadvantageous in that they require an extensive plant, and are therefore generally less eillcient industrially than deep or submerged processes.

Prior to the present invention, a satisfactory economic industrial process for the production of citric acid, substantially free from other acids, by the submerged growth of fungi, has not been achieved. Wells and Ward, of the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils, United States Department of Agriculture, in Industrial and Engineering Chemistry," vol. 31, February, 1939, page 175, considered the prevailing evidence of the impossibility of developing a submerged fermentation process for citric acid, stating:

"Considerable research effort has been expended on attempts to develop a submerged fermentation process for citric acid, and undoubtedly a large amount of unpublished work has been done on the problem. All reliable evidence indicates the impossibility of such technique. The reason for this failure is not definitely known, but it appears likely that some vital derangement in the enzyme system is responsible.

An object of this invention is to provide processes for the successful production of citric acid on an industrial scale by submerged fungal growth.

Another object of the invention is the utilization, in a submerged condition, of a species of Aspergillus, namely, A. wentii, which has not been hitherto employed in citric acid fermentation processes.

A further object is the utilization of this fungus in a form of growth peculiarly adapted to intense fermentative activity while in a submerged state.

Another object is to provide a comparatively simple and easily operable process for the fermentation of carbohydrates by means of this fungus, in a submerged condition, in the presence of suitable nutritional materials, and under such other environmental requirements of agitation,

aeration, pressure and temperature, as are most conducive to a high yield of citric acid to the substantial exclusion of other acids.

Other objects will be apparent and a fuller understanding of this invention will be had by reference to the following description and claims.

In the present invention the applicants have developed a number of important procedures for the specific production of citric acid by the submerged process. Although each of these procedures may be modified from the exact specifications given herein. they are eflective as a group and preferably as a sequence for the success of this process.

1. Choice of organism.--The applicants have found that, among the numerous organisms capable of producing citric acid and belonging to the Aspergillus and Penicillium groups, none is so effective as a strain of Aspergillus wentii.

The organism Aspergillus wentii, which one of these applicants isolated from the soil in 1915. was first described by Wehmer in 1896. Thom and Church more recently described it in "The Aspergilli" (Williams and Wilkins 60., Baltimore, Md.. 1926) 25 An agar medium which is especially favorable to the development of A. wenfii in the isolation and the identification of this organism and in the production of abundant spore material is one containing grams of peptone, grams of glucose, 1 gram of potassium dihydrophosphate, /2 gram of crystalline magnesium sulfate, and to grams of agar, per liter. The medium is sterilized at 10 pounds pressure for minutes, and inoculated with a tube culture of A. wentii. The cultures are incubated, at 25 to C.,for about 7 to 20 days.

Cane sugar, or purified molasses containins an equivalent quantity of fermentable carbohydrates, may be used instead of glucose in an agar medium for the production of cell material and spores.

This organism, A. wentii, has three distinct advantages over the Aspergiilus nicer group. namely: (1) it grows rapidly under submerged conditions, as well as under surface conditions; (2) it produces citric acid abundantly; (3) it has only a slight tendency to produce oxalic and gluconic acids, and this tendency is substantially suppressed under the conditions of the processes herein described. A further advantage which A. wentii has is that it can withstand high acidity. whereas the members of Penicillium usually cannot. These facts, in relation to A. wcntii and A. niger, are brought out in the following two illustrations:

M]. of 0.25N N30 needed to neutralize 5 ml. of the culture Days of grow th solution A. wcntii A. fliger (b) The following tabulation presents the relative data as to the acid-production capacity of A. wentii and various citric-acid-producing strains of A. ntger, under comparable conditions:

Total acid produced, ml. of

0.25N NaOII needed to nontralize 5 ml. of

culture solulion Per cent conversion of sugar to acid Organism The numbers given to A. niger in this table are labo ratory numbers of different cultures.

The differences found in the capacity to produce citric acid per se were actually reater than those shown in the foregoing illustrations of total acid production, because many of the A. niger strains Produced oxalic acid as well as citric acid, whereas A. wentii produced practically only citric acid.

II. Composition of medium-From the results of a large number of experiments it was found that a very favorable medium for the growth of A. wentii and the production of citric acid by this organism, under submerged conditions, is one having the following composition:

Cane sugar grams- 150 Urea do.. 1.0 Magnesium sulfate (MgSO.'lHzO) do.. 0.5 Potassium dihydrophosphate (KHzPOr) do 0.08 Potassium chloride do 0.15 Manganese sulfate (MnS04.7H2O) do- 0.02 Zinc sulfate (ZHSOiflHzO) do 0.01 Water to make cc 1000 It has been found experimentally that urea can be used as a very satisfactory source of nitrogen. Glucose can be used in place of cane sugar.

III. Acidification of medium-The pH of the medium is adjusted to 2.0 with hydrochloric acid, or other acid, just before the inoculation with the spores of A. wentii, in view of the fact that it has been found that a. pH of about 2.0 to 3.0 is the optimum factor for the growth of the fungus in the most desirable vegetative type, for the production of citric acid by these submerged processes, and that this pH range is also a factor which is conducive to a substantially complete suppression of oxalic acid formation.

Acid produced by treatment (tltratablo acidity,

Days of fermentation Oxygen Air No aeration 3. 0 l. 2 0. 9 4. l 1. 4 l. l 7. 4 2. 0 l. 4

Agitation of the culture medium is requisite throughout the course of the processes herein described, and, depending on the type of the chamber in which the fermentation is conducted. may be brought about in any suitable way, as by gentle stirring, rotating, rocking, or shaking, or by a combination of such procedures.

V. Conditions of incubation.-In the preparation of cultures of A. wentit, an optimum temperature for the incubation of the spores has been found to be 25 to 35 C., although temperatures of about 18 to 37 C. may be employed. The period of incubation varies from '7 to 15 days.

VI. Form of fungus growth.-In the attainment of the best results in every phase of the process, and in the development of the fungus growth which is most suitable in the practice of the process, it is important to obtain a granular, preferably a pearl-like or bead-like, type of growth. Floccule'nt and filamentous growth greatly reduces the effectiveness of the fungus. The best growth is bead-like in size and form. and is gray to yellowish or almost greenish in color. The formation and maintenance of this type of growth, which is most active in producing citric acid under submerged conditions, is governed primarily by the four factors outlined under I-IV. The optimum stage of development of the fungal growth can be determined by examination of the bead-like growth and the size of the beads, and by observation of their color.

VII. Replacement of medium-When the optimum growth stage of the fungus has been substantially attained, the residue of the original medium is replaced. From the results of a large number of experiments, it has been found that a favorable medium for replacement is one having the following composition. which is adjusted to a pH of 2.0:

Cane sugar grams Urea "do".- 0.5 Potassium dihydrophos-phate do 0.05 Potassium chloride do 0.15 Manganese sulfate (MnSO4.4H20) do 0.02 Zinc sulfate (ZnSO4.'lHzO) do 0.01 Water to make cc 1000 This replacement medium may also contain magnesium sulfate, and glucose can be used instead of cane sugar.

Such a replacement of the medium effects considerable savings in the time and the sugar required to produce the fungal growth. The p oduction of citric acid sets in immediately, and much higher yields are obtained, as the following example of the production of citric acid by A. went, submerged during the growth stage and the replacement stage. illustrates:

provides a satisfactory medium utilizing a purifled molasses:

Purified molasses, equivalent to total sugars 5 of --grams-- 150 Growth stage (medium as Repiacemontstago (medium Urea described under com as described under: R o- Magnesium lfat so qg o d 05 position of medium placement of medium-2 Potassium djhydrophosphate d 0'08 of Potassium chloride do-..- 0.15 efififlififise'fii edfl ig i'iiqgs u Manganese sulfate (MnS0t.4H:O)--do- 0.02 New needed 333332; New 5252322} Zinc sulfate cznsoinmoi --do- 0.01 hftifii'fi ,fift i 'iiitfii Water to make cc 1000 on on XII. Purification of molasses-In view of the 4 0 0'3 M a fact that certain grades of molasses aflord como M 51.5 as 0.2 parativeiy low yields of citric acid in the sub- 2 g; g 1% merged process, it has been found that such molasses can be advantageously purified by various agents, such as by bauxite, bone char, "Suchar VIII. Partial neutralization of acid-It has CSP (activated carbon), and by certain resins been found that either calcium carbonate or calwhich ar made available nder the name of cium hydroxide is decidedly helpf l as a n "Amberlites." Molasses, puritled by any one or izins a nt n t pra t of th pr c s si by two or more of these purifying agents, affords oxa acid is produced when caustic soda or an increased yield of citric acid, during both the aus i potash is u as t alizins agent. growth hase and the replacement phase of the Partial neutralization up to about one-third of f rmentatio process, the titratable acidity of the medium can be car- Th "Amber-lite are synthetic ion-exchange ried out with such calcium compound as a means resins. "Amberlite IE1 is a cation-exchange of increasing the production of the citric acid. main of the phenol-formaldehyde type, contain- The pH should not exceed 3.0. in: free phenolic hydroxyl groups. Amberlite" E'fi fl f combining the 3o IE4 is an anion-exchange resin of the aminehas been further found that a high yield of citric formaldehyde type, containing amino groups acid can be obtained by combining the several capable of forming amine salts. treatments already indicated. This is brought The following tables illustrat the effect of out in the following figures of the yields of citric the purification of molasses upon the yield of acid obtained by t e a t o as e s rowth citric acid, as compared with the yield of citric of A. wentii in a partially neutrali ed s ga acid from cane sugar, in processes of submerged medium: fermentation by A. wentii:

Table I Sugar con- Days ofiermentation fis i i g A m d d dia 5 mid 'gitcfi d incubation. S mm Grams Grams Percent 23? 213 2 1 :Lgmdm g M 5 to neutralize citric Mid 1122:::::::::::::::::::::::: 1113 an in $32,333};

Percent X. Production of pure citric acid.In the in- Untreated molasses 3,3 7,2 dustrial practice of a submerged processfor prog fi e re ou one a ducins citric acid, it is highly essen al h only Misha haaauasit'sssi:::::i 13 13 this acid is formed. In this connection, it has (Jane a been found that the degree or the extent of the neutralization of the citric acid formed during bl 11 the fermentation. and the kind of neutralizing agent used, control the result in that they prevent the formation of other acids. When caustic 323??? sugar mm Sugar consoda or caustic potash is used for the neutrali- Sumsd nation of the acid, there is a pronounced induce- NBOH merit of oxalic acid formation. a m P t XI. Use Of molasses in place DI suowr.-Mog f l t fi er t t a, 9, inus a i es losses can be used in place of sugar for the pro- 0 was prev in l'ea e duction of citric acid by the submerged process gfii re ggs ffi iiu gf fifi 21.1 11.33 61.9 of fermentation herein described. The use of Camsuil" 2345 L251 a purified, or high-test," molasses is preferred. however, as a means of producing large and Femmmm dayseconomical yields of citric acid, inasmuch as The process of producing citric acid by A. certain types of grades of molasses have been wentii under submerged conditions can be confound to contain various substances which may ducted by the following steps preferably in their tend to impair the fullest activity of the process. sequence and combination: The "purification" of the molasses is mainly di- '10 Exam 18 I rected to the removal of most of the ash or p mineral as well as some of the nitrogen com- Asperaitlus wentii is first grown on a suitable pounds found in varying amounts in some moagar medium, such as that which has been indilasses. cated herein, for a period of 7 to 20 days, for The following composition, adiusted to pH 2.0, the production of an abundance of spore material. One of the described media for the production of citric acid is now sterilized, adjusted to pH 2.0, and inoculated with a heavy suspension of spores in sterile water. The inoculated medium is then placed in a suitable chamber, or the medium may be sterilized in the chamber and then inoculated. Any chamber having an inner surface of enamel, or stainless steel, or other metal resistant to the medium and to citric acid, may be used. Next, the growth phase is initiated. The contents of the chamber are now continuously agitated, while either air under pressure, or oxygen at atmospheric pressure, or a mixture of oxygen and air under pressure, is simultaneously admitted into the chamber. The contents of the chamber are maintained at a temperature of about 25 to 35 C. As soon as a substantial quantity of citric acid has been formed, a sterile suspension of calcium carbonate or calcium hydroxide is added to neutralize such a quantity of the formed acid that the pH does not exceed 3.0. Agitation and aeration are continued for a period of '1 to 15 days. When the fungal growth has attained an optimum stage of development, as previously indicated, and when most of the sugar has been converted to citric acid, the acid solution is withdrawn from the chamber, and the replacement phase is begun. The withdrawn solution is replaced with a supply of the replacement medium. The fermentation is resumed for another 5 to days, under similar conditions. Further such replacements are made as long as the growth of the fungus continues to be adequately operative.

Example 1! Cuban invert molasses is diluted with distilled water to afford a solution containing about per cent of total carbohydrates. The solution is treated with bone char, Suchar CSP, and "Amberlites 1R1 and IE4. The pale yellow liquor is decanted or filtered from the resulting mixture. To this liquor are now added urea and inorganic salts in the concentrations indicated in the foregoing formula under the Use of molasses in place of sugar. The medium thus prepared is sterilized by heat, adjusted to a pH of 2.0, and inoculated with the cell material of Aspergillus wentii previously developed on a cane sugar or other carbohydrate medium. Submerged fermentation in a deep culture tank is then conducted, under continuous agitation and aeration under pressure or oxygenation at atmospheric pressure, at a temperature of about 25 to 35 C. and at a pH value not exceeding 3.00, as described in the foregoing example. Practically all the carbohydrate is converted into citric acid in about 12 days.

The references herein to sugar," "cane sugar, glucose, and "carbohydrate are intended to imply the operativeness in these processes of all monosaccharides and disaccharides, or mixtures thereof. Mixtures oi monosaccharides, disaccharides and starch or starches can also be used. Starch or starches, without sugar, can be utilized, due regard being had to the viscosity of a starchy dispersion. In this regard, the practical limit of starch concentration has been found to be at about 5 per cent, preferably about 3 per cent. Inulin may also be employed in these processes.

The examples herein are given by way of illustration and not of limitation, as it is obvious that certain modifications may be made in the compositions of the media and in the steps of the fermentation process, and in the kinds and proportions of the materials employed, without departing from the spirit and the scope of the invention and the purview of the claims.

We claim:

1. Process of producing citric acid comprising forming a medium of carbohydrate selected from the group consisting of monosaccharides, disaccharides, starches, inulin and materials containing these carbohydrates, and nutrient inorganic and nitrogen-containing substances, supplying thereto citric-acid-producing strains of Aspergillus wentii, and maintaining agitation and aeration such as to disperse oxygen through the medium and to induce and maintain the growth of the said strains in a submerged condition throughout the medium.

2. Process for the production of citric acid from fermentable carbohydrates selected from the group consisting oi monosaccharides, disaccharities, starches, inulin, and materials containing these carbohydrates, by means of citric-acidproducing strains of Aspergillus wentii, which comprises the successive steps of sterilizing a medium containing nutrient materials and such carbohydrates, adjusting the pH value of the said medium to 2.0, inoculating the said medium with the said strains of Aspergitlus wentii, continuously agitating and simultaneously aerating the resulting inoculated medium under pressure, meanwhile developing fungal growth in a submerged condition in the said inoculated medium at a temperature range of approximately 18 to 37 C., adding to the resulting nutrient culture solution a member of the group consisting of calcium carbonate and calcium hydroxide to raise the pH value to not more than 3.0 after a substantial quantity of citric acid has been produced therein, meanwhile subjecting the said nutrient culture solution to similar conditions of agitation, aeration, pressure and temperature, removing substantially the liquid part of the residue of the said nutrient culture solution, adding a fresh supply of medium of carbohydrate and nutrient materials to the residual masses of fungal mycelium, subjecting the renewed medium and the fungal mycelium submerged therein to similar conditions of agitation, aeration, pressure and temperature, meanwhile maintaining the pH value of the medium at not more than 3.0, and conducting the fermentation to substantial completion.

3. Process for the production of citric acid from fermentable carbohydrates selected from the group consisting of monosaccharides, disaccharides, starches, inulin, and materials containing these carbohydrates, by means of citric-acid-producing strains of Aspergillus wentii. which comprises the successive steps of sterilizing a, medium containing nutrient materials and such carbohydrates, adjusting the pH value of the said medium to 2.0, inoculating the said medium with the said strains of Aspergillus wentii, continuously agitating and simultaneously supplying oxygen at atmospheric pressure to the resulting inoculated medium, meanwhile developing fungal growth in a submerged condition in the said inoculated medium at a temperature range of approximately 18 to 37 C., adding to the resulting nutrient culture solution a member of the group consisting of calcium carbonate and calcium hydroxide to raise the pH value to not more than 3.0 after a substantial quantity of citric acid has been produced therein, meanwhile subjecting the said nutrient culture solution to similar range of about 18"to 37 C.

conditions of agitation, temperature, and oxy- ,genation at atmospheric pressure. removing subcelium, subjecting the renewed medium and thefungalmyceliumgsubmerged therein to similar conditions 01' agitation, temperature, and crygenation at atmospheric pressure, meanwhile maintainingthe pH value of the medium at not more than 8.0, and conducting the fermentation to substantial completion.

4. Process for the production of fungal fermentation comprising the successive steps ofpreparing an aqueous solution of puriiied molasses to afford a total carbohydrate concentration of about 5 to percent. preferably 15 per cent, supplementing such solution with nutrient materials, sterilizing the resulting nutrient medium by heat, adjusting the pH value of this nutrient medium; to 2.0,- inoculating the sterile nutrient mediumgwith a' pure culture of citric-acid-producing strains of Aspemillus wentii. incubating the resulting inoculated num-ic acid or trient medium from about 4 to 12 days. at about to 0., until the'maximum mycelial growth has been attained, meanwhile supplying air inrder gentle agitation under pressure; adding a sterile suspension of a member of'the group conpreparing a culture solution of carbohydrates selected from the group consisting of monosaccharides, disaccharides; starches, inulin, and materials containing than carbohydrates, in (stillcentrations up'tooabout 3 to 20 per cent of total carbohydrates. the said solution also containing urea, magnesium sulfate, potassium dihydrophosphate, potassium chloride, manganesesulfate anduncsulfate, sterilizing the said culturesolutionby heat. adjusting the reaction to a pH value'ot 2.0, inoculating the sterilized culture, solution with a pure culture 'of citric-acid-prcducing strains ot-Amraillus wentii, incubating the inoculated ulture solution for about 4 to 12 days. at about 25'- to 85f' C.--until the max-- imum mycelialgrowthin the term of beads has been attained. and meanwhile agitating-the in oculated culture solution and supplying air thereto under pressure.

7. In a process ior the production ofcitrlc acid a a from carbohydrates selected from the group consisting ofmonosaccharides, disaccharides,

starches, inulin. and materials containing these -taining nutrient materials and inoculating such nutrient solution with such strains, the step'of sisting of calcium carbonate andcalcium hydrox-i ide to neutralize a part of the formed acid and to raise the pH of the nutrient medium to not more than 3.0, removing the residual medium from the fermenting chamber when the fungal growth oi mycelium becomes characterized y small bead-like iorms. adding to'the residual fungal growth' a replacement supply of liquid medium containing nutrient materials and purifled molasses to afford a-total carbohydrate concentration of about 5 to 20 per cent. preferably 15 per cent, allowingthe fungal growth to act upon the saidrenewed medium for aperiod varying from 4 to 12 days, under similar conditions of agitation, aeration, pressure and temperature, removing .the' residual -l'nedi um and replacing it adjusting the pH value of the said solution to 2.0 just before the inoeulationior the said,so-- lution with the spores .of Aspergillus .wentii;

.lwhei'e'by the optimum qw h-filsllch strains in by successive fresh supplies of media containing ilar concentration until the citric-acid-produc ing capacity of the fungal growth is substantially eiizhausted, meanwhile maintaining the .pI-I

value of the added media at not more;than-3.0.

5. In a process for 'the production of citric acidfrom carbohydrates selected from the group consisting of monosaccharides, disaocharides,

nutrient materials and purified molasses in sim theformationof-oxalicacidis' starches, inulin, and materials'containing these carbohydrates, by means oi!- citricacid producterials. and inoculating the said soXutionwith' thesaid strains, the steps 02 inducing thegrowth vegetative bead-like forms is obtained :the

'formation 'ofcxalic. acidis'substantially suppressed.

8. In a'process for the'production citric acid from carbohydrates selected from the group disaccharid a' consisting of monosaccharides, starches, inulin, and materials containing these carbohydrates, by means of citric-acid-producing strains of ilspemillus weniii. involving the operations of'preparing a carbohydrate solution containing nutrient materials and inoculating said solutionwith such strains, the step which con-- in'adding to thefculture. medium a neutralizing agent oithe group consisting-of calcium carbonate and calciumhydroxide to raise the. pH value of these-id medium to not more than a 3.0, the formation of citric den nitely p in the said medium, whereby the production of citric acidisincreasedand a I sup.

9. In a process 10;" the production of citric acid from molasses, involving the operations of preparing a medium containing purified molasses.

and nutrient materials andinoculating the said -medium with citric-acid-producing strains of A'speraillus wentii, the steps which consist in first treating -unpurided:molasses with bone char, -8uchar,. and resins. then filtering the resulting "product, dissolving the .said nutrient materials 5 or the filtrate, and adjusting the pH value' of the and maintenance oi the fungal mass of the said strains, insmall bead-like forms, and or inhibit-' ing flocculent and filamentous formations ofthe said strains, by continual agitation and aeration of the inoculated carbohydrate nutrient solution during the growth stage andthroughout the entire fermentation periods, at a temperature 6. In a process 'for the production of citric acid, the steps or growing-bead-like forms of strains of Aspergillus' citric-acid-producing nitrogen-containing substances, supplying resulting solution by acidification $021);

1o..rrcccsc ofproducing citric acid comprising forming a medium or cane sugar and inorganic jthereto cirtric-acid-producing strains of Aspar- 7ocfgillus .inentii. and maintaining agitation and aerationsuch as to disperse oxygen throughthe medium and to induce and maintain the growth oi? the said strains in a throughoutthemedium.

submerged condition 1L Process (if-producing citric acid ing a medium of glucoseand inorganic case in the Patent Ofiice'.

and nitrogen-containing substances, supplying thereto citric-acid-producing strains of Aspen villus wentii. and maintaining agitation and aeration such is to disperse oxygen through the medium and to induce and maintain thegrowth oi the said strains in a submerged condition throughout the medium. s

' camper 13. Process for the production 0! citric acid whihh comprises inoculating with a 'citric acidproducing strain of Mercator went an aqueous medium comprising urea. magnesium sulfate.

12. Processor producingcitric acid comprising i iorminga medium oil-molasses and inorganic and nitrogen-containing substances, supplying there t5 citric-acid-producing strains of Aspemilius wentii, and maintaining gagitation and aeration.

such as to disperse oxygen through the medium and to induce and maintain the growth: of the said strains in a submerged condition throughout Patent No. 2,394,031.

v It is hereby certified numbered atent requirin (IMnSO .7 ,0) read (I; read withthis correction therein th -SEIIMAN A; ET AL.

potassium dihydrophosphata'potassium chitride. manganese sulfate, suiiate, and carbo hydrate selected from theflfliih consisting of monosaccharides, diseccharides, starches, inuiinand materials containing these carbohydrates. and then agitating and aerating the inociilated medium so as to p rmit submerged. aerobic mold.

growth and fermentation.

smear: A. WW. EDWARD o'rro mow,

oi. Correction February 5, 1216.

age 2, t column, line 58, for

Signed and sealed 23th (m .01 May, A. I 1946.

first Commissioner of Pater m.

case in the Patent Ofiice'.

and nitrogen-containing substances, supplying thereto citric-acid-producing strains of Aspen villus wentii. and maintaining agitation and aeration such is to disperse oxygen through the medium and to induce and maintain thegrowth oi the said strains in a submerged condition throughout the medium. s

' camper 13. Process for the production 0! citric acid whihh comprises inoculating with a 'citric acidproducing strain of Mercator went an aqueous medium comprising urea. magnesium sulfate.

12. Processor producingcitric acid comprising i iorminga medium oil-molasses and inorganic and nitrogen-containing substances, supplying there t5 citric-acid-producing strains of Aspemilius wentii, and maintaining gagitation and aeration.

such as to disperse oxygen through the medium and to induce and maintain the growth: of the said strains in a submerged condition throughout Patent No. 2,394,031.

v It is hereby certified numbered atent requirin (IMnSO .7 ,0) read (I; read withthis correction therein th -SEIIMAN A; ET AL.

potassium dihydrophosphata'potassium chitride. manganese sulfate, suiiate, and carbo hydrate selected from theflfliih consisting of monosaccharides, diseccharides, starches, inuiinand materials containing these carbohydrates. and then agitating and aerating the inociilated medium so as to p rmit submerged. aerobic mold.

growth and fermentation.

smear: A. WW. EDWARD o'rro mow,

oi. Correction February 5, 1216.

age 2, t column, line 58, for

Signed and sealed 23th (m .01 May, A. I 1946.

first Commissioner of Pater m. 

